The Effectiveness Of Measuring Clients For Proper Assessment

The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of measuring clients for proper assessment through the use of various formal instruments that may include symptom checklists, personality assessment, or other diagnostic instrument. The population of people this paper will explore are those who are or have been victims of domestic violence. It will further examine the purpose of this formal assessment instrument and the benefits it will have in counseling. The population I am interested in providing services for are women of Domestic Violence. In addition to examining and treating victims of domestic violence, I would like to assess the effects of maltreatment and how it is interwoven into the fabric of Post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). Nonetheless, this epidemic affects all individuals regardless of their community, age, economic status, sexual orientation, gender, race, religion, or nationality. Similarly, this type of abuse is associated with emotionally abusive and controlling behavior as well, that may or may not demonstrate a pattern of dominance and control (safehorizon.org). Domestic violence can result in physical injury, psychological trauma, and in severe cases, even death. The devastating physical, emotional, and psychological consequences of domestic violence can cross generations, and in some individuals last for a lifetime if it goes untreated (safehorizon.org). The formal Spousal Assault Risk Assessment, or (SARA) is a formalShow MoreRelatedGeneralized Anxiety Disorder ( Cbt )1530 Words   |  7 Pagessolution-focused therapy. CBT concentrates on individuals’ thoughts and behaviors and how they affect each other. A therapist using CBT will try to examine behaviors, habits and negative thought patterns that might be causing client psychological distress. After this, the goal of CBT is to help a client make sense of his feelings, thoughts, and worries which eventually will lead to discovering underlying causes of distress. Even though there is general guidelines for CBT are relatively successful in treating patientsRead MorePerformance Management Systems Are Important For A Wide1376 Words   |  6 Pagesthe criterion will be explored regarding relevance, sensitivity, and practicality. These evaluations are needed to gauge the usefulness of the given criteria. Performance Domain For employment decisions, like promotions, it is essential to use assessment information that will provide accurate predictions of future job performance (Cascio Aguinis, 2011). The ability to predict subsequent job performance is important, since without this ability there is no way to know how an IT manager will performRead More D4-312 is a Home Network Performance Management1169 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction This proposal presents first the significant parameters to assess the performance of D4-312 or home network performance management, the principle of the assessment procedure and the equipment necessary to carry out a measuring campaign. In network such as at home or small office with only a few devices connects to a single modem or router in a single location and topology, network administration with easily can inspect devices and check for differences. However, as the number of computerRead MoreEvaluation Of An Effective Evaluation Process1513 Words   |  7 PagesData gathering, reviewing, and analyzation is a very important step in an effective evaluation or assessment process. The outcome as well as any subsequent suggestions are based on the data and review provided during the initial process. Guerra-Lopez (2008) emphasized that the success of an evaluation process is contingent upon five particular aspects about data and data sources: 1) data relevance, 2) data collection, 3) evaluating data, 4) data reporting, and 5) avoiding data errors. These fiveRead MoreThe Components Of The Evaluation Process1540 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific process that must be undergone. The components of the evaluation process are as follows: (1) screening, (2) diagnosis, (3) assessment, (4) motivation, (5) treatment, and (6) follow-up. All of these are essential to proper treatment for clients dealing with alcohol problems. For the sake of this paper, focus will be directed purposefully towards the process of assessment. When any indication of alcohol concerns, whether by referral or by the screening process of evaluation, it’s necessary to beginRead MoreHuman Resource Management Final Exam1431 Words   |  6 Pagesmost import elements is the system need to fit with the organization’s strategic objectives, the case demonstrates that the currently system does not really ensure that individual and company-wide objectives match in any logical way, nor is there any proper approach to performance-related pay. The basic principle for performance management system is that performance system must provide the performance-related feedback that is its fit with the organizations culture. Therefore the Har t side Holiday hasRead MoreFinancial Performance Of Santos Ltd1974 Words   |  8 PagesMr. K. GREY (ACCOUNTANT, SEQ INVESTMENT CO) PREPARED BY SONIA ARORA TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Executive Summary 3 1. Objectives of measuring Organisational 5 Performance 2. Calculation of the ratios 9 3. Trends revealed by ratios calculated 10 3.1 ProfitabilityRead MoreBradley Stonefield Limo Service Training Plan1972 Words   |  8 Pagesto be deployed in the Texas branch. Bearing that needs assessment is in three categories; organizational assessment, occupational assessment and individual assessment, it will be important to concentrate on the occupational assessment at this level. The organizational assessment is geared towards evaluating the level of organizational performance which can only be conducted after the company is established and running. The individual assessment is also geared towards evaluating how well an employeeRead MorePressure Ulcers Are A Serious Problem2035 Words   |  9 Pagesbeen done to assess different techniques for preventing and treating pressure ulcers. In addition to using the best medical products, it has been found that proper education for the nurse and the patient plays an integral role in the prevention and treatment of ulcers. This paper will discuss evidence based practice, the nursing role, and client education in pressure ulcer formation and healing. Pressure ulcers account for nearly $11 billion of medical costs annually in the United States. They poseRead MorePain And Treatment Of Pain1647 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant, hampered the construction of a General theory of the pain, as well as the derivation of clearly effective treatment techniques (Fields 10). Despite the complexity and difficulty to understand the nature of the phenomenon of pain, its assessment must, necessarily be conceived within the context of fundamental importance of a relationship, even if incomplete, between stimulus and sensation. The problem may be placed simplest way, follow in only two alternatives to the appropriate stimulus

Dna Structure Free Essays

Associate Program Material DNA Worksheet Answer the following in at least 100 words: 1. Describe the structure of DNA. DNA molecules are composed of two strands that form a helical ascending spiral. We will write a custom essay sample on Dna Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now They fit together like the opposing teeth of a zipper and are held together by weak interactions called hydrogen bonds. These two strands is a long string of subunits called nucleotides, each attached to the one immediately about it and the one immediately below it to form a long chain. Each nucleotide contains a five-carbon sugar. The five-carbon sugar contains a five-membered ring with an oxygen atom as one of the vertices. Each nucleotide also features a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base; these bases are typically represented by adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine. The base is attached to carbon 1 of the sugar, biologist denote each of the carbons in the sugar using a number from 1 through 5, where 1 represents the carbon to which the base is attached. 2. How does an organism’s genotype determine its phenotype? The genotype of an organism is the sum total of all the genes that it inherits. It is sort of like a blue print that is designed to serve as a guide in the development of the organism, so that it will become the same kind of creature as the parent or parents that it came from. The phenotype, the organism’s physical trait arises from the actions of a wide variety of proteins. For example structural proteins help make up the body of an organism, and enzymes catalyze its metabolic activity. A gene does not build a protein directly, but rather dispatched instructions in the form of RNA, which in turn programs protein synthesis. The molecular chain of command is from DNA in the nucleus to RNA to protein in the cytoplasm. 3. Describe each stage of the flow of information starting with DNA and ending with a trait. DNA and RNA are long linear polymers, called nucleic acids that carry information in a form that can be passed from one generation to the next. These macromolecules consist of one large number of linked nucleotides, each composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. Sugar is linked by phosphates from a common backbone, whereas the bases vary among four kinds. Genetic information is stored in the sequence of bases along a nucleic acid chain. The bases from a specific pair with one another that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The base pairing results I the formation of a double helix a helix structure consisting of two strands. Genetic information in DNA is transcribed into RNA and then translated into polypeptides. These processes occur through transcription and translation when a segment of DNA is transcribed, the results is an RNA molecule. Transcription is taken placed because the nucleic acid language of DNA has simply been rewritten as a sequence of bases of RNA; the language is still that of nucleic acids. The nucleotide bases of the RNA molecules are complementary to those on the DNA strand. Translation is the conversion of the nucleic acids language to the polypeptide language. Like nucleic acids polypeptides are polymers, but the monomers that make them up are the 20 amino acids common to all organisms. The genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain are written in DNA and RNA as a series of three-base word codons. Codons are the DNA is transcribed in the RNA, and then the RNA codons are translated into amino acids that form polypeptides. Codons in mRNA are read sequentially by tRNA molecules, which serve as adaptors in protein synthesis. References: Berg J. M, Tymoczko, J. L, Stryer, L Bio Chemistry. 5th edition. New York: W. H Freeman; 2002 Chapter 5, DNA, RNA, and the Flow of Genetic Information retrieved from http://www. ncbi. nlm. gov/books/NBK21171 2012 Miller, C. Forms of Genotypes retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8678611_forms-genetics How to cite Dna Structure, Essay examples

Investment Scams and Ponzi Schemes for Nature- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInvestment Scams and Ponzi Schemes for Nature. Answer: Introduction A Ponzi scheme named after Charles Ponzi is an investment scheme of fraudulent nature operated by either individuals or a corporation. Under this scheme the operator fabricates the reports and distributes the income to the new investors generated income from the old investors. The operators offer returns which are short term, either abnormally high or consistently unusual (Hobson, 2014). What happened? Pearls Group is an Indian based company which owns real estate and operates in residential construction, property development, infrastructure, commercial and civil, spices and liquor, insurance, tourism, health and education, agriculture, and media. A case was lodged against two Pearls Group real-estate firms namely Pearls Agrotech Corporation Ltd. and Pearls Golden Forest Ltd. by The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). Altogether they raised Rs 45,000 crore fraudulently via 5.5 crore investors who were duped in a Ponzi scheme through collective investment schemes for allotment of agricultural land to the investors belonging to Punjab, Delhi, Haryana and other states (Express, 2016) How did Ponzi scheme Attract Money Nirmal Singh Bhangoo the promoter and director of PGFL gave the investors fake guarantees and bogus agreements of providing the plots of agricultural land. One of his bases is in Australia. Further he was surrounded by the tank of opportunities in Australia by Austrade and he began to expand his operation by acquiring the Spa in Gold Coast and Sheraton Mirage Resort in Queensland. The promoters of PGF allegedly floated another company under the name and style of PACL in 1996 and started collecting money again. PACL used the money of the old investors to repay to the new ones to avoid any kind of legal and criminal prosecution. The investors were given false promises of on interest rate @ 12.5% on deposits apart from free maturity on income tax and free accidental insurance (Express, 2016). PACL followed the pyramid system where they hired unemployed people as agents. The first agent would likely to earn commission on investments (Lewis, 2016). The commission so earned was attracted by the second one and so on. The commission went up to 40%. They lured the investors in for fixed income and incentives. On scrutiny of accounts it was found that PACL was incurring losses so it eventually raised a loan from Punjab National Bank worth Rs. 17.40 crore. They also invested in apartments in Brisbane worth $ 19 million (Times, 2016). How did the Ponzi scheme operators allay suspicion / provide reassurance to the investors? The company always framed the investors with the fact that they lack adequate funds and resources to develop the land whereas the group earned Rs. 20035.72 crore by disposing a part of its land bank (Times, 2016). The investors were constantly given the assurance that the cost of land purchased would multiply in near future at a robust pace. These tall claims and promises led investors stuck with the company in rapacity of huge earnings. How was the scam uncovered? The official of CBI started cracking down on schemes and the offices of Pearls Group back in 2002. After which SEBI banned one of the association of Pearls Group from dealing in securities for 10 years. CBI when was instructed by the top court to investigate the matter it began to raid the offices of Mohali, Chandigarh, Jaipur and Delhi on February 23. What they did not realised was the fact that the investment scam would turn out to be so grand and of such a magnitude. Few of the computers were scrutinised and it delivered a result about the group's companies that amassed over Rs 45,000 crore from nearly 5 crore investors (Express, 2016). Were the perpetrators punished? Did the regulators do a good job in this case? The perpetrators included three directors among which one was MD and Promoter Director (PACL) namely Sukhdev Singh, Executive Director Sukhdev Singh and Subrata Bhattacharya ED at PACL/PGFL along with the CMD of the company were taken into judicial custody. They were charged for criminal conspiracy and for money laundering. The documents of 14348 properties were recovered. The chief justice RM lodha was appointed by the Supreme Court to sell the assets of Pearls Agrotech Corporation Limited to settle the claims and refund to the affected investors (Times, 2016). Victims of the scheme launched a class action suit in July 2016 in the Australian Federal Court on account of the interest to recover the funds invested by the Pearls. Regulators like CBI and Supreme Court played an important part in deciphering this investment scam (Times, 2016). Recommendations to avoid future events of similar nature: Avoid entering into huge investments which have a low maturity period, little or no risk and claims to give better returns. Unusual investment seminars and unsolicited contacts are always prone to red flags. Before entering into the investment a complete analysis and research of the broker or financial advisor is to be done with regards to its license and goodwill and background. Never invest your funds in a policy which hide few of the opportunities and potential gains. File a complaint if you have been victimized on account of any investment which turns into a Ponzi scheme. Why didnt they catch him? What could the SEC do to improve its ability to detect Ponzi schemes quickly? Thomas Thanasules investigated all the emails from Renaissance Technologies, also known as successful hedge fund. The complex funds included black box funds which used complex programs. Up till now Thanasules was not aware of anything suspicious until he had gone through the Meritage assets. There he discovered the investments were not normal like hedge funds rather then it was return of swap with funds of funds (Sterngold, 2018). Madoff was cherry picking the trades which itself was a red flag. The mails were eliminated because SEC had examined Madoff and gave them a clean chit. Further the case was handed over to John Nee along with two more examiners Lamore and Ostrow by co-head of SEC. After collecting all of the documents and financial statements they interviewed Madoff who managed to fool them. In October 2005, Harry Markopolos reported Madoff was running Ponzi scheme. SEC launched another investigation and finally case was entered into their database. Madoff was asked to answer few questions raised by Markopolos and in a while he began to contradict with his answers in previous interviews (Ragothaman, 2013). This led to the investigation by FBI officials of SECs failure in detecting the Madoff fraud. They neglected DTC investigations. The staff failed to take necessary measures to determine the Ponzi scheme. SEC officials collective negligence led Madoff set free (Howell, 2017). Steps to catch a Ponzi scheme Make custody arrangements to curtail the mismanagement of assets and its misappropriation (Manning, 2017). Registration of each investment advisers shall be made mandatory. Reporting of assets at multiple levels. Bibliography Express, T.I., 2016. The Indian Express. [Online] Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/cbi-arrests-pearls-group-chairman-in-alleged-rs-45000-cr-ponzi-scam/ [Accessed 11 April 2018]. Hobson, R., 2014. The Book of Scams. New York: Hariman House Limited. Howell, C., 2017. Tough life lessons from the Bernie Madoff Ponzi scheme. ACFE Community Manager, pp.42-48. Lewis, M.K., 2016. Understanding Ponzi Schemes. UK: Cheltenham. Sterngold, J., 2018. Unraveling the Lies Madoff Told. The wall Street Journal, pp.20-27. Times, H., 2016. Hindustan times. [Online] Available at: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rs-45-000-cr-pearls-ponzi-scam-cbi-arrests-chairman-3-others/story-vk02G3bFE9e3t60WKl8vbO.html [Accessed 11 April 2018].

Organisational Theory

Personal Experience Change is one of the forces in life which cannot be avoided. In most of the cases, many people find it difficult to accept change because of the fear of the unknown (Hargreaves Fullan, 2012). I have a personal experience of how challenging it may be to introduce change in an organisational setting. I was in my third year at the University of Melbourne when the management decided to digitise the library.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organisational Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a new technology-supported system where students were enabled to access all the materials within the library in a digital platform. The management made this decision because of the limited number of some critically important books. This new system was developed after a series of consultative forums involving the students, teachers, management, and other related stakeholders. The reading areas w ithin the library were fitted with personal computers connected to the database. The students would use their student identification numbers to login to the system and access all the relevant materials they needed. The chief librarian and other staff members took time to explain the reason this decision was made, how the system worked, and the benefits it had to the users of this library. At first, a number of students were sceptical about the new system introduced in the library. However, they slowly came to embrace the new system. It became very popular among the students, eliminating the need to have physical books in the library. Main Principles of Change Management According to Apple (2004), successful organisations are those that have learnt the art of managing change. In order to manage change successfully, it is important to know some of the principles of change management. Creation of a shared vision is one of the most important principles of change management (Hargreaves Fullan, 2012). With a shared vision, it becomes easy for all the stakeholders to accept change without any serious resistance. The case presented above about University of Melbourne’s new system in the library is a clear example of the relevance of developing a shared vision. The management involved all the stakeholders and ensured that they all understood the need to move to a new system. According to Apple (2004), communication is another important principle of change management. Change involves coming up with a new concept of addressing various tasks within an organisational setting. In most of the cases, it is always an idea of an individual who has visualised how a given process can be undertaken in a better way.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to make other people understand and appreciate the relevance of such a new system, communication is very i mportant. The management should ensure that all the stakeholders understand the new system. Any question about the new system should be addressed to ensure that doubts and misconceptions are eliminated. This task was addressed satisfactorily by the chief librarian and other junior employees. Engagement of the stakeholders is another important principle of change management. According to Hargreaves, Lieberman, Fullan and Hopkins (2014), before introducing a new system or concept within an organisation, it is important that all the relevant stakeholders are engaged in the entire process. Engaging the stakeholders creates an environment where the stakeholders feel they own the new system instead of feeling that the management imposed it on them. This is what happened when the new digitised library system was introduced at the university. All the relevant stakeholders were involved. This way, the new system became acceptable among the students because they felt that they were part of it s formation. Jones (2012) says that another important principle of change is the development of enabling structures. The scholar says that before introducing change, the management must ensure that there are structures in place that can support the system. Change can only make sense when it is sustainable. The University of Melbourne decided to introduce a new system. This new system needed installation of personal computers in the reading areas. It also needed an IT system that would enable students to access information available in the database. The management had enough funds to install these structures. The entire reading area had fully equipped personal computers that were linked to the main database through an integrated communication system. These structures made it possible to have a functional system that supported operations of the firm. Culture cannot be avoided when managing change in an organisation. According to Jones (2012), this principle requires that cultural fact ors be put into consideration when managing change. Many organisations always ignore the role of culture in change management. There are cases where some stakeholders may reject change simply because it is not aligned to their cultural beliefs and practices.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organisational Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is, therefore, necessary that the management finds a way of aligning cultural values to change management principles. This is one area that was not given much consideration when this new system was introduced. According to Fullan (2014), for a long time, physical books have been a sign of knowledge, especially to student of higher learning. However, a time had come when this had to change. The school made a radical shift from the use of physical books to the use of digitised books. This transition should have been gradual. Strengths and weaknesses of the way in whi ch change was managed The digital library at the University of Melbourne was a new system that was meant to improve students’ experience every time they visited the library. One of the main strengths of the way in which this change was managed is that all the stakeholders were actively involved. This made it possible for the new system to be accepted among the stakeholders. The management also maintained a clear system of communication. The librarians were available to address any question that the library users had about the new system. The highly integrated communication system also enhanced information sharing. The library users made a number of suggestions on how to improve the system to make it user-friendly. Within the first few months, a number of adjustments were made in the system based on the suggestions of the users. This improved its efficiency. However, the major weakness that was witnessed in the way this change was managed was that it was implemented within a s hort time. Some student complained that the change was so sudden that they had to take several weeks to make proper use of the library. Summary Understanding how to manage change is very important in the current organisational setting. From the critique and review of literatures done above, it is apparent that communication is critical when managing change. It facilitates engagement of all the stakeholders to ensure that they understand and appreciate the relevance of the new system. References Apple, M. (2004). Creating difference: Neo-liberalism, neo-conservatism and the politics of educational reform. Educational Policy, 18(12), 12-44.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fullan, M. (2014). Positive Pressure in Second International Handbook of Educational Change. Chicago: Sage. Hargreaves, A. Fullan, M. (2012). Professional Capital: Transforming Teaching in Every School. Norderstedt: Books on Deman. Hargreaves, A., Lieberman, A., Fullan, M. Hopkins, D. (2014). Second International Handbook of Educational Change. New York: Cengage. Jones, G. (2012). Organisational Theory, Design, and Change. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. This case study on Organisational Theory was written and submitted by user Wolver-dok to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Natural Rights Theory Essays

Natural Rights Theory Essays Natural Rights Theory Essay Natural Rights Theory Essay Natural Rights Theory Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Natural Rights Theory Natural rights theory is the belief that a person enters into this world with some basic rights that cannot be denied by any government, political power or even a constitution. Natural rights theory maintains that since individuals come into this world naturally, they have basic rights that no one can take away from them. The theory suggests that human beings as natural creatures should live and organize themselves in the society using basic rules that are laid down by nature. As natural beings, human have rights that not anyone can violate, with the main right being freedom. Further, the theory suggests that the rights are derived from the nature of man as a rational being, where the rights are necessary for his survival. In general, the theory states that man has rights granted or guaranteed upon their creation irrespective of any government manipulation, and exists across all nations, or are universal. These rights are considered to be above any law made by the government (Donald, n.d.) Natural rights are the freedoms that are established by an international agreement that imposes conduct on across all nations. The natural rights are very distinct from legal rights, which are the freedoms established in particular states and applies to that particular state. They are rights that all human beings have and are not limited by any artificial legal set-up, and not only apply to human beings, but other species. For instance, sea animals live under water by natural right and not from legal legislation dictating the same. Therefore, natural rights are those rights that cannot be change by any artificial legal legislation. Some examples of natural rights are the rights to life, ownership of property and freedom or liberty. Natural rights prevent people from certain practices such as torture and slavery, allowing them to defend their lives, liberty and property (Donald, n.d.). Natural rights theory closely relates to natural law theory. In the enlightenment age, the natural rights theory served to challenge the rights of kings and leaders, which created a justification of establishing a positive law, social contract and a government, which amounted to the legal rights. Thus, legal rights are derived from the natural rights, which also serve to challenge the legal rights when they go overboard. The legal rights were established with an aim of protecting the freedom of people, their property, and rights to live their lives as each person capable of reasoning wished to live. The natural rights theory states that all men are equal, and have the freedom to make their choices. Some of the theorists in support of the theory have stated that this is defined by the moral rights each person has, which come naturally from their free will and thoughts, enabling them to make their own choices (Donald, n.d.). The theory further suggests that human beings are capable of acting rationally and have the right to make their choices. this is to mean that anybody as long as they are adults capable of making choices have the right to do what pleases them without anybody restricting them. In addition, this would mean that everybody has a right to the particular right, and nobody would deny him or her the chance to exercise it. In addition, the theory suggests that people should act naturally, where people derive their morality. The theory suggests that morality is enshrined in the inherent nature of man, where he acts as nature in him dictates, the same way animals will act according to the nature driving them. Problems of Natural Rights Theory The natural rights theory like any other has several problems with many of its opponents criticizing it and do not regard it as correct. One of the problems with the natural rights law is different interpretations of nature, which is different across many regions and among different individuals. Thus, the notion from natural rights theory stating that natural rights are universal would not be true since people will have different interpretations of nature. Therefore, defining what is morally right would be difficult, making the natural tights theory quite problematic to understand. More so, human beings are very diverse, with capability of each having their own natural personalities. For instance, some people are generally aggressive and fearless while others are naturally timid. Since human nature allows them to have both, it would be morally right for an aggressive man to attack the timid one since they will be following their inherent natural personality and reasoning (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). In addition, determining morality is hard due to such differences, where each individual will have his or her own reasoning on what is morally right or wrong. Natural rights theory suggests that acting in accordance with nature is morally right, while behavior not according to nature is morally wrong. For instance, when a man rapes a woman, there is nothing unnatural about it biologically. Therefore, this would not be considered an unnatural behavior, qualifying it as a moral right. This would be because the natural rights theory suggests that it is morally right for organisms to act in accordance to nature. Under such a notion, men considered aggressive would have a right to follow their natural desires and go ahead with raping women since it is natural for a man to desire a woman. This raises the question of whether men should act in accordance to their natural instincts or whether they should resist some of their inherent nature. Considering the above problems, the critics of the natural rights theory argue that even children are not innocent, and acting from their inherent natural personality, some will be aggressive on others while others will misbehave. Thus, the children go to school in order to learn how to tame some of their natural behaviors, meaning that natural does not always define morality since this would not be moral. In addition, critics of the natural theory suggest that in accordance with the natural right, people who commit some acts such as homosexuality, assault, killing among others would not be acting unnaturally; therefore, their behaviors would be regarded as morally right according to the natural rights theory (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Another problem is that the intrinsic nature of human beings that is concerned with establishing laws is not the same as the animals, which causes another difficulty with the theory. Natural law means following the inherent natural values where animals act as their inherent nature dictates. For instance, it is natural for a lion to kill a gazelle for food, and other animals, or for a cat to chase after rats and mice. On the other hand, man does not follow his inherent nature to the letter. For instance, it is known that man is selfish and always wants to have maximum benefits from anything, without considering others. This is not considered morally right according to the moral teachings, which means that moral teachings do not teach us to follow the natural values in us as dictated by nature like animals. Another problem of the natural rights theory is that majority of the suggested rights do not have prove, where it believes that natural rights comes from God after creating man. There is no way to prove that the natural rights are given by God. In addition, different people have different religions, meaning that the suggested rights cannot be universal as the theory suggest. This creates yet another problem for the theory, causing a lot of criticism from its opponents (Sullivan Pecorino, 2002). Bentham Rejection of Natural Rights Bentham is one of the major opponents of the natural rights theory, and rejects it completely, dismissing it as nonsense with the rights suggested not qualifying as rights. Bentham rejects the natural rights theory completely, and takes on the utilitarian moral view that considers the action with the best results for everybody. He suggests that human nature just as if science can choose the actions with the best value and benefit for people involved, with the main motive being pleasure and pain. He suggests that nature puts man under two aspects, pain and pleasure, where pleasure is the most desired people. Therefore, it is up to the people to determine what is to be done in order to realize the best result (Robnights, 2012). He attacks natural rights and suggests that rights are only created by the law. He further suggested that laws are just a command of the tow sovereigns, pleasure and pain. A government has to be present in order to have laws and rights within a community or stat e. Rights in his view are suggested to be in correlation to the duties that are determined by the law. The notion of having rights that are based on natural rights or those pre-existing an established government are considered wrong and rejected (iep.utm.edu, 2008). He attacks the natural law on his understanding of legal rights, and nature of the law. According to iep.utm.edu (2008), â€Å"the term natural right is a perversion of language. It is ambiguous, sentimental, and figurative and had anarchical consequences. Bentham suggested that natural right becomes ambiguous on the grounds that it makes a suggestion of general rights without any specifications to any object, and anyone could claim what has already been chosen by another. Therefore, exercising such a universally accepted right would mean eliminating the right itself, since what becomes a right to every man is not a right to any man at all. More so, he suggested that under such a circumstance of broadly and ambiguously implied rights, there could not be a legal system. His other attack on the natural rights theory is that natural rights is figurative, he suggests that there are no rights that are in front of the government. He says that the assumption that such rights exist seems to come from a theory of social contract where individuals form a society to choose a government by alienating certain of their rights. In addition, such a doctrine not only poses as unhistorical, but also fails to serve as a useful tool in explaining of origin of political authority. Further, he suggests that governments are risen form habit or through force, whereby, for contacts to be legally binding a government has to be in place in order to enforce the contracts. He goes further to suggest that natural rights theory is anarchical. He claims that such a right involves freedom from all moderation and particularly, from all legal control. Therefore, the natural right being in front of the law, this could only mean it cannot be limited by any law. With everybody having such freedom, the consequence would be pure anarchy considering human beings are aggravated by their own self-interests. Thus, having a right in a meaningful way requires that no one can justifiably interfere with another person’s right. This is to imply that a right must have the capability of being enforced, and such restrictions are the provision of the law. He concludes, â€Å"That the term natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense,- nonsense upon stilts,† (iep.utm.edu, 2008). According to Bentham, all rights are supposed to be legal and enforceable. Any right that is a right to every man does not qualify as a right since anybody can make a legitimate claim to it, meaning it is above other laws. According to him, rights are legal and enforced by government, and no right can be anterior to the government. He also suggests that all rights are supposed to be legal and specific, having an object as well as a subject, and cannot universal. He suggests that they are supposed to be made because they are deemed conducive or beneficial to the people. In addition, when their abolition would mean a benefit to the community governed by the rights, there should be nothing to stop their abolition. Thus, rights are supposed to be based on the two sovereigns as he suggested, pleasure and pain with regard being given to the former. Thus, rights should only be made for the pleasure or benefit to the majority. Moreover, he claims that rights are supposed to exist under the law, with protection and enforcement by the government. Otherwise, rights outside or above the law are not rights, except reasons of wishing they were there. This rejection of natural rights has continued to gain influence across man countries and scholars, believing there are no natural rights as the theory of natural rights suggests. Bentham rejects the entire theory on natural rights on grounds of legal rights, suggesting that there cannot be one universally accepted right, and al rights have to be enforceable and specific, of which natural rights are not. Personal Opinion on Bentham Rejection of Natural Rights Theory On the rejection of the natural rights theory, I do agree to some extent with Bentham, although not completely. This is due to the problems posed with the natural theory that are hard to explain. In addition, the natural rights sound a little more ambiguous and unclear. For instance, the natural rights theory suggests that human beings should act according to their inherent natural personalities. Considering everybody has his or her own personality and free will, there would be chaos allowing everybody to act according to their natural traits. For instance, as mentioned earlier, those who are naturally violent will cause violence. This would be justifiable in the natural rights theory since they acted according to their traits, which comes naturally. In addition, due to diversity of the human brain unlike other animals whose inherent traits are not diversified as those of human beings. For instance, all the lions have their inherent nature as hunting to survive. On the other hand, hu man beings have diversified natural intrinsic values that they peruse, and with rights that allow every body to pursue their interests would mean having chaos since conflicts would be so many. Thus, having a legal law that governs or draws the line where no body is allowed to go overboard ensures there is order. However, on the issue that no right can be above the law, I do not agree with Bentham considering everybody has a right to life no matter what the government would say. Therefore, I do not agree with Bentham on rejecting the entire natural rights theory. The government has no right over a person’s life, and this is not enforceable legally considering life is natural and cannot be given by the government. The only thing that government can ensure is protecting of life to ensure that no body has a right to take a right to take away life. Therefore, I do agree with Bentham that rights should be made by the government, with the best interest of the community, and should be specific, and enforceable in order to maintain order that would otherwise be lost if people were given a right to act on their inherent perception. References Donald, J.A. (n,d.). Natural Law and Natural Rights. Retrieved from http://jim.com/rights.html Sullivan, S.O. Pecorino, P.A. (2002). Problems for Natural Law Theory. Retrieved from http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/pecorip/SCCCWEB/ETEXTS/ETHICS/Chapter_7_Deontological_Theories_Natural_Law/Problems_with_Natural_Law.htm iep.utm.edu. (2008). Jeremy Bentham (1748- 1832). Retrieved from iep.utm.edu/bentham/ Robnights. (2012). Defining Utilitarianism. Retrieved from http://robnights.hubpages.com/hub/Philosophy-Notes

Case Study of the Changes in Farming and Industries in Northampton

Case Study of the Changes in Farming and Industries in Northampton Introduction The objective of this project is to define revolution in a political/social context and to explain in two sections the processes of the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions in England. I have take the opportunity to study the effects of the Industrial revolution in Northampton. This project is written in five main sections. The first will define revolution. The second section will discuss the Agricultural revolution, providing statistics, and discussing the cause and effect of the Agricultural revolution in England. It will also explain what happened in the Agricultural revolution and what changed, explaining how farming methods changed. The third section will discuss the Industrial revolution and its cause and effects. It will show the effects of factory working on the social structure of English life. The fourth section provides an example of the industrial age in Northampton a town that had made shoes for hundreds of years and how the Industrial revolution effected its shoe making techniques. My conclusion, summarises the project and argues if revolution is a good thing and if the effect it had on England changed it for the better or the worse. It will also show the where all the information has come from, (references). 2. What is Revolution? There have been revolutions throughout the history of civilisation and England has not been the only country to experience revolution though they take different forms. From America to Russia there have been revolutions, changing the world we live in today. Some have been violent and claimed many lives and others have just been changes in the way we live and how our community functions. A revolution can be, violent although a revolution is a change of some kind and does not have to be violent. A revolution could be a change in the social structure of a community, a change in political power and government structure, or a religious change. A revolution could also be an advance in industry or agriculture as featured in this project. A revolution can be a sign of discontent or civil disobedience although if a peaceful revolution is taking place, people who do not like what is happening sometimes become violent and cause trouble. The revolt or change must be successful to be a revolution, after a revolution everybody lives in an idealistic dream, but it does not work because the winning party (s) split and the goals fade and a totalitarian regime can take control. After this happens the entire social structure is changed and the community can often end up worse than it was before the revolution began. Plato defined a revolution as; Any attempt by subordinate groups through the use of violence to bring about; 1) A change of government or its policy. 2) A changed of regime 3) A change of society, whether this attempt is justified by reference to past conditions or to an as yet unattained future ideal. The term REVOLUTION is normally used to describe a rapid change, but this is not always so, as we will discover in this report. For example the Industrial Revolution happened over a number of years, and some could argue it took up to a century to finish but according to Platos definition this is not a revolution, but could be described as evolution. My final definition is; A revolution is a typically violent rapid change, in regime, a government or its policy, technology, science or in society. 3. The Agricultural Revolution 3.1 Why did it happen? Unlike many revolutions the Agricultural Revolution worked as an incremental change, one thing happened, which then led to the next and the next. It began in the 1700s with the first enclosure laws and scientists experimenting with new farming methods. Then better breeding techniques were developed, creating bigger and better livestock realising lasting economic benefits. Better farming methods came into action like crop rotation, and then machines, first horse drawn and then with the help of the Industrial Revolution, steam powered. Because of the Industrial Revolution people started moving from the country to the towns and here there was better personal hygiene and new medicines were discovered, bringing around a population increase. Because of fertilisers and better techniques prices dropped and food became easier to obtain, economic growth had begun. For 100s of years economic development had stood still, the modern growth era had begun. Before the 1700s there were few changes in farming but after 1700 people started to make changes to farming, with new scientific investigations, better plants were grown and animals bred. These main factors brought about the Agricultural Revolution and brought about a significant increase in wealth. Before the revolution there was one main farming technique and that was strip farming. This kind of farming was when the land was divided into strips and each peasant had a strip of land to farm. This was not productive so land was fenced off, in 1495-1603 the first enclosure law was passed for sheep. A new law passed between 1750-1831 declared that land was to be farmed in large fields and fenced off. After the strips had been fenced off, crop rotation was used, this is when the crops on fields are changed each year, this provided food for cattle as well as stopping the need for a fallow year (when the land was left unused for a year to regain its nutrients). This was because certain cro ps planted put important elements back into the soil. Crop rotation worked in this way; wheat, root crop, barley, clover. The wheat was used for making bread and feeding people, the root crop was mainly turnips, which would mainly been used for cattle feed, then barley which would have been used for cattle feed as well as for humans, and then clover was planted, the main crop for replacing vital elements in the soil. During the agricultural revolution three million hectares of land was enclosed and farmed with crop rotation. The Agricultural Revolution experienced a number of new inventions and animal breeds. In 1799 Joseph Boyce invented the reaper and in 1701 Jethro Tull invented the horse drawn drill. This invention changed farming for the better, instead of ploughing the land and then just scattering the seeds it ploughed the seeds into the land and covered them. By 1790 the first threshing machines were developed first powered by horse and then by steam. New fertilisers were used like guano, lime gypsum, sandy clay and marl. In 1793 the agricultural society was established and in 1741-1820 Arthur Young informed Europe and America of Englands new discoveries. In 1710 the average weight of cattle was 144Kg but by 1795 it had nearly trebled to 360Kg. Wealthy landowners like Thomas Coke, Earl of Leicester, encouraged experimental breeding of sheep and cattle, to produce new, improved, more profitable strains. Every year Coke held a grand assembly at Holkham Hall, his country house. Guests came from all over Europe to discuss new farming ideas. This following quote outlines the main changes of English farming; to give a review of the husbandry which makes this country so famous. Great improvements have been made by means of the following: First: by enclosing without the assistance of Parliament. Second: by the use of marl (powered rock and lime) the clay. Third: rotation of crops: i) turnips; ii) barley; iii) clover; iv) wheat. Fourth: by the culture of turnips well hand-hoed. Fifth: by the culture of clover and ray-grass. Sixth: by the landlords granting long leases. Seventh: by the country being divided into large farms. From The Farmers Tour, Arthur Young, 1771 This source shows the use of machinery on the farms; Machinery was just coming into use on the land. Every autumn appeared as the farmer owned was horse-drawn and was only in partial use. In some fields a horse-drawn drill would sow the seed in rows, in other a human sower would walk up and down with a basket and fling the seed with both hands broadcast. In harvest time, the mechanical reaper was a familiar sight, but it only did a small part of the work. Flora Thompson Lark Rise to Candletord In the 1700s there was only a small population in England mainly in the south west and east Anglia but by 1901 the populati on was spread over the entire country, including Scotland and Wales with most areas with over 520 people per square mile. Between 1801 and 1851 the urban population had doubled and by 1901 it had almost doubled again because of the increasing birth-rate and migration from the country to the towns. The population also increased because between 1870 and 1914 the male and female death rates rapidly dropped. Families became smaller and from 1900 child death rates dropped too. Because of the population increase and dropping prices in farming food prices dropped and farmers became more wealthy and prosperous. There was less competition from abroad and because of a higher population more food was needed. Colonies made plantations in Africa, Asia, Pacific and the Caribbean and soon the first cash crops were made like coffee, tea, bananas and rubber. 3.2 Who lost out? There were few people who lost out in the Agricultural revolution but when the fields were changed from strips to fields the peasants lost their land and often their jobs. They often revolted in small numbers but there was never a full scale battle between the authorities and the peasants. The peasant farmers also lost out when the machines like the tractor were invented and there was less need for human labour and so man y peasants were made redundant. Who Gained? Many of the rich land lords were the main people to gain. They had large areas of land which before were unproductive and did not make them very much money, but when the new farming methods and fertilisers were introduced the land became more productive and the profits rose which made them happy and they could then afford to experiment in breeding bigger, better animals as well as developing new farming techniques. The Industrial Revolution 4.1 Why did it happen? During the industrial revolution there was a huge increase of population which was mainly based in the cities and towns. The Urban population changed from housing a minority of the population in 1801 to housing the majority by 1881 (see charts below). In the early 1700s, most people worked at home, making the slow old traditional way, usually by hand. Men were carpenters, blacksmiths, and weavers, Others were farm labourers, who worked on the land to grow crops to feed their families. Women worked in the home, looked after the animals, cleaned sheep fleeces, and spun wool into yarn for clothes. By the middle of the 19th century, all this had changed, Many British people now lived in towns, and worked in large factories, or in shops, offices, railways and other businesses designed to serve the resident workers of the industrial centres. British inventors continued to develop new machines, which performed the traditional tasks of spinnin g and weaving much faster than by hand. Machines were also used to make iron and steel. These metals were in turn used to make more machines and also to make weapons and tools. Factories housing the new machines made Britain the workshop of the world (a common phrase used by foreign traders). Four main factors helped to bring this change: coal mining, a canal system, money and cheap labour. Coal was used to smelt iron and steel, and to make steam power to power the new machines. Barges carried bulky raw materials and finished goods along the canals. The profits from Britains colonies overseas and years of peace at home meant there were merchants who had money to invest in industry. Poor farm workers, tired of starvation flocked to the towns to find work although they were sometimes worse off than before (see 4.2). Many would still argue that we are still going through an industrial revolution, i.e. it is a progressive continuous change (evolution), that of the computer and space exploration. This extract is called: The marvel of a cotton-spinning factory, 1835 We see a building with a 100 horse power steam engine with the strength of 880 men, working 50, 000 spindles and all the auxiliary machines. It needs only 750 workers to produce as much yarn as would have been spun by 200,000 men: one man now produces as much as 260 did in the old days. History of Cotton, Edward Baines, 1835 The Revolution changed many things like; Textiles The first multi-reel spinning machines, the Spinning Jenny, was made by James Hargreaves in 1764. At first, it was powered by hand but soon the steam version was built. Mines The First steam engine built by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 was used to pump water out of the water logged mines. Steel The Ironworks at Coalbrookdale in England produced more iron than anywhere e lse in Europe. Others were transport, electricity, light bulb and many other new inventions. 4.2 Who lost out? It was the people that moved from the country to the city to find work, who had to live in small, grotty houses with disease and no proper sanitation but the children who moved with their parents suffered too. From the age of six they were in the cotton factories pulling wool etc. out of machines with no safety systems, but worst of all young children had to go down mines where they would be beaten and worked until they were close to dying. Although the adults did suffer, I believe they were the people who gained in the revolution as I will explain in the next section. My proof children lost our in the revolution: Children aged six or seven go down the pit at four in the morning and stay there for 11 or 23 hours a day. Their work is to open and shut the doors of the galleries when the trucks pass: for this the child sits by itself in a dark gallery for all those hours. The peasants moved from a healthy country farming practice, to labourers in unhealthy cities and put in small houses where there was barely one room per person. Who gained? I believe it was the rich entrepreneurs who gained because they had capital they could invest in large factories and they could use that investment to explore new ideas and make more money. Effects of Revolution in Northampton The industrial revolution brought with it new machines and new methods of shoe making . It brought people to the towns and it made city life much more popular. Work was available even though there where machines to help with the work as people were still needed to operate them as the computer had not been invented yet. Factories started to thrive and every day of the week except Sundays the factories were jam packed with people. The machines made work a great deal easier, as the work was so easy the people at the factories could double their out puts so making Northampton a growing city with people moving in to the town for the work and people visiting to buy their shoes. One of the first machines to change shoe making was the sewing machine changed to sewing leather so the needle and thread was not needed. They now had machines to place the insoles and soles and heels onto the shoe so the hammer and nail were made redundant as these machines took over. These machines were wonderful as it made the work a lot easier for the workers. The cutting of the leather didnt change as it was still done with a knife, this is the skilled job of the Tacker. The Industrial Revolution helped to bring a new wealth to Northampton. Owners of factories and the merchants amassed personal wealth from the shoe industry they built large houses in fashionable parts of the town like the race course and Abington Park. They built attractive factories and modern terraced houses for the shoe workers that still exist today even though most of the factories have long since closed. The houses for the workers formed new suburbs around the factories, which included schools, churches, and shopping streets. These areas formed the boundaries of the town until very recently and provided almost all the manufacturing jobs. Conclusion Were the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions really revolutions, or where they the beginning of a evolutionary process. We are still going through the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions, new farming methods are still being developed and new technologies are still being produced. I would argue that the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions were the beginning of an evolutionary process and not a revolution which according to many definitions is a rapid change, probably taking up to about three years. Was revolution a good thing for England? The Industrial and Agricultural revolutions were good things for the country as they gave England a new strength and knowledge that nobody else had. They helped the country expand and become more powerful, as well as strengthening our economy. The Agricultural Revolution reduced the risk of famine as the country was not well structured and food was now accessible to all. But who did these revolutions help? Well it definitely wasnt the peasants as they had to live in small cramped conditions with little privacy. They moved from farmers to industrial labourers and for that they had to pay the price of pollution, poor sanitation, long work hours, terrible working conditions. The only people that really benefited were the people with capital who invested their capital into the new factories. The Industrial Revolution helped make them money and that was all they wanted. So the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions were good for the country and the men with capital, but they were not goo d for the peasant farmers who moved from the country. The information in this project has come from the following sources.

Commpensation and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Commpensation and Benefits - Essay Example Employees should be allowed to join unions while a security of tenure should be provided to all full-time employees. Proposed compensation and benefits of Wal-Mart Introduction Wal-Mart is one of the organizations among the largest employers in North America. Wal-Mart business operations have increased rapidly compared with similar organizations. Although Wal-Mart offers its employees with various benefits and compensations like â€Å"health plan benefits†, â€Å"profit sharing plans† and â€Å" stock purchase plan†, there are certain challenges facing the organization since compensation procedures have not addressed the numerous employee complains (Wal-Mart Watch, 2007). A recent case happened in Oklahoma in 2007 when employees complained of compensation policies that included â€Å"cutting hours† and not hiring the employees in designations where they have proved competent and skilled (Wal-Mart Watch, 2007). The employees also complained that a number of them had been fired without any apparent reason. The above reasons are just some of the challenges which Wal-Mart employees. The employees are currently unsatisfied thus lowering their work productivity in the organization. The management should establish compensation and benefit policies that maximize employee productivity and motivation in the organization (Wall Mart, 2008). ... Wal-Mart contributes 2 percent of all eligible Associate’s annual salary or wages to the 401 (k) Plan after a one year waiting periods. Wal-Mart also contributes about 2 percent of each eligible Associate’s wages to the profit sharing plan provided they have worked in the company for at least 12 months. In the stock purchase plan, the company contributes only 15 cents for each dollar of the company stock purchased by the employees through deductions in the payroll up to $ 1,800 of stock purchases in each plan year (Wall Mart, 2008). Wal-Mart compensation and benefits policies are inadequate since the company has engaged in â€Å"cutting hours† and employees are not hired in designations where they are talented. The company has also fired numerous employees without any apparent reason and explanation. Employee work motivation and productivity has declined thus leading to poor job performance and total productivity of the organization. Wal-Mart Stores Inc which is the largest private employer in North America has been accused of scaling down the health benefits offered to part-time employees and increasing the premiums deducted from most of the full-time employees’ salaries. Wal-Mart has engaged in cost cutting measures to offset the slowdown in consumer spending which has affected the company revenues in the last few years (Wal-Mart Watch, 2007). The company has reversed the eligibility of part-time workers by requiring them to cover their children healthcare and reduced the co-payments for prescription drugs. Wal-Mart has denied most of its employees from working full-time thus reducing the health care benefits to the employees. The company has also been accused of discriminative working policies against women and employees from minority

Week 4 Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 4 Discussion - Coursework Example Clear accountability and responsibility of members of the team; all team members should have an apparent understanding of their roles in the project (Kerzner, 2013). There should also be frequent monitoring as well as measurement of milestones, time, equipment and people schedules. Correctly done schedule control as well gives the primary hint that initial planning might not be going as per the schedule. The initial step is to identify as well as engage with the main stakeholders. Have talks, an official stakeholder consultation or a problem definition seminar, but it is important to begin the hunt for extra data on the business need. Secondly, after gaining a grasp on what the business need entails, begin to translate and construe that need into a structured problem or explanation of the scope. More importantly at this phase is to write down the business need into an understandable language (Kerzner, 2013). Thirdly, after clarifying and agreeing on what the existing business need is, the process of brainstorming ideas of how the need can be addressed begins. Another very crucial part of this task on any project is to deal with the change of business needs right from the beginning of any business project. Building firm relationship with stakeholders is the final phase. Lack of good relationships amid the business stakeholders and the project team stakeholders, as well as the supporting technical members, can make the project fail. b. Obstacles and how to overcome Communication and Language: The prioritization and precise nature of needs usually differ with a projects stakeholders. Diverse interpretations are usually discovered very late in the development cycle, when alterations entail a lot of effort and cost. Creating a prototype all through requirements gathering can assist to settle any disparity in understanding. Overbooked

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay Example for Free

Differentiating Between Market Structures Essay There are many TV service providers available in the U. S; however there are only two companies that offer services via satellite. Dish operates within the monopolistic competition market. Dish has been in business since the early 1980’s and has gradually worked its way up to become one of the leading satellite provider and innovator of new technology. In 2013 they offer service to over 14 million subscribers nationwide. This market in which it competes is where all firms have some market power, which controls the market price. They produce the same product as Direct TV and no other provider is in the same market. They know all competitor prices and services in order to be able to compare services and offer the best value to potential customers. Within the market structure buyers/consumers have the ability to know the prices of both companies so that they can decide which one will be better for them. In this market customers have the ability to leave the service at any point in time. They can choose to cancel services if they are not content with the quality of the product, some may leave with no penalty while others may have to pay a penalty for the cancelation. Dish is a leader in the TV industry when it comes to equipment, programming and pricing,. They have to maintain a level of competitiveness in order to compete with other providers. Dish like any other company, is looking to maximize profit and will provide service that is appealing to the customer in order to increase customer base in turn increasing profit. Differentiating Between Market Structures In the pay TV industry, Dish has managed to out rank Direct TV in many areas such as customer service, equipment technology and pricing for programming. Dish is a company that offers promotions to all buyers/consumers in order to make the sign up more enticing. The market structure in which Dish operates would be the monopolistic competition. Within the TV industry that Dish operates there is only one other company that is included, Direct TV. These two companies offer similar products and customers can choose whom they do service with. It is ideal for Dish to compete in this market because there are only two companies within the same industry. This market structure is suitable for Dish because it provides more opportunity to maximize profit due to the competition. Dish has more availability to customers and the opportunity to be able to increase customer rate in turn increasing the profit due to the fact that there are only two service providers. It cannot be in a monopoly market because there is another company that provides the same service or product. It also does not have extremely high prices or excessive barriers to obtain services. They always provide affordable prices that will also benefit the company to increase profit. (Monopolistic Competition, 2013). Dish has many promotions that are being offered to obtain new customers and also retain the existing consumers. The company offers upfront discounts as a sign up bonus to gain the attention of those prospective consumers. It offers up to $30 credits up front on the programming for the first twelve months of service. With a qualifying promotion the customer will have the activation and the equipment fees waived saving the consumer over $200. When existing customers look for any type of promotion they will have anything from discounts for a few months up to free programming. Even if the customers receive free programming Dish will still be making a profit because of all the other programming, equipment and services they provide. A company is making profit with any service it provides because it continues to sell its service because it continues to sell its services to consumers. The strategies for Dish to obtain new customers are a good way for the company to increase profit and obtain new customer base. Even though the company is making a profit off all the services they provide there are some changes to the promotions. For example, on the promotions that are offered to new customers I would recommend that they make the qualification process a little easier. They could reduce the credit score criteria and make it less of a hassle to qualify for Dish. There are some promotions for those customers that do not qualify for the highest promotion but the fees are much higher. They must pay for the activation fee plus the equipment fees. This can get expensive depending on the equipment the customer chooses. With the qualification being so strict many potential customers will be swayed to not obtain services. With the upfront discounts there should be on extension in the time they are offered but reducing the amount being given. For some of the customers that qualify may receive a credit up to $30 other may get credits ranging from $10 to $25 for the first twelve months of service. If the company reduces the amount given to customers and extends the time allowed for the credit more customers would be content and more likely continue with Dish service. ( Dish Network L. l. c. , 2013). There are customers that leave the service due to the credits ending and seeing an increase in the statements. Some of the consumers do not take into consideration any penalty for early termination. Customers will keep looking for the best deal that they can possibly obtain. If we provide more options on the discounts Dish would be able to retain more customers in turn increasing customer base. Another recommendation that would be made to Dish would be that they make upgrade on equipment more feasible and less expensive for consumers. For those customers that want different equipment than the one that was installed. In some cases there would be a fee to upgrade the equipment the customer is deciding to obtain. The fees can range anywhere between $0 up to $300 with a twenty four month commitment. Of those customers some may find the fees excessive and will decide to keep what they have or go with a different provider. This is preventing Dish from obtaining more revenue and increasing profit. For every company the main focus is to maximize profit. They have many different options in order to do so. Dish operates in a monopolistic competition market where there are only two companies that offer similar services. In this market Dish offers many promotions for potential customers as well as existing customers. The consumers are allowed to leave services at any point during the service period. Some may leave with no penalty and other with a penalty due to breaking a commitment. Dish, even with all the discounts, manages to still increase profit because of all the other services that Dish offers. They make money off of programming, equipment, internet services, online service, and phone service and with the company blockbuster that was recently purchased by dish. With Dish and Direct TV in the same market and no other satellite competitor they are allowed to place their own market power when it comes to price. They compete with each other for all potential consumers as well as existing customers. Each company wants as much of a customer base as possible in order to increase profitability. They will go to great lengths to obtain those consumers and increase profitability.

Hackers :: social issues

Hackers â€Å"...they are still hardly criminal in nature. The intention of most of these individuals is not to destroy or exploit systems but to learn in minute detail how they are used and what they are used for. The quest is purely intellectual, but the drive to learn is so overwhelming that any obstacle blocking its course will be circumvented. Unfortunately the obstacles are usually state and federal laws on unauthorized computer access...† This is a quote from Chris Goggans who was once a member of the hacker Legion of Doom club. On-line he was known as â€Å"Erik Bloodaxe†.1 The term â€Å"hacker† was first used in the nineteen sixties to describe college students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The students were given this title because of their obsession with computers. They couldn’t get enough of computers. â€Å"Hacker† was a label of pride to these students. These first hackers did things such as probe systems to find out how they worked and how to make it give out secrets just as hackers do today. They believed computer time and software should be free and freely shared and resented those who protected ownership. A surprising aspect of hackers is that they actually had rules of their own of what they could do to others files and what they could not do. These rules said no one was to erase, damage, or change anyone’s files. One last rule that they had was no using any one system for personal gain. Surprisingly, most of the hackers followed these guidelines.. Now over the years, â€Å"hacker† is a label stating competence and knowledge to meaning someone who breaks into computers. With this information we now have the knowledge that hackers are older and do not have ethics and morals as they used to. The old rules have been forgotten and the FBI has made it’s own definition of a typical hacker: 1. Eighteen to thirty-five years old. 2. Usually male. 3. Bright and highly motivated. 4. The first workers on the job in the morning. 5. The most trusted employees on the job. There is an operation known as â€Å"salami slicing†. This is a form of data diddling that occurs when an employee steals small amounts from a large number of sources through the electronic changing of data. Just like slicing thin pieces from a roll of salami. Some hackers fall upon their information on accident.

Appeals Compare and Contrast Essay Essay

In William Shakespeare’s Rendition of Julius Caesar death, the character Brutus must persuade the audience into believing his murder of Caesar was justified. To be sure that he is imprinted as a â€Å"heroine† for saving the roman empire he makes Mark Anthony go, knowing that the audience will believe him for he was Caesars best friend. Brutus makes sure that he implies him as a good guy by giving him restrictions on what he could and could not say, but ultimately Brutus fails with his plan for he did not listen to Anthony’s speech which was one of his most grave mistakes, and Anthony wins over the audience while Brutus is forced to flee from the roman empire. In Brutus’s speech he enlightened the audience through his use of logos by demonstrating the true sense of capability they would have faced if Caesar would have continued as a tyrannical ruler as he says â€Å"would u had Caesar were living, and die slaves†. Brutus stressed the oppressing future and eventual demise of the roman empire as long as Caesar had remained in power, hence his reasoning behind his actions. As Brutus using pathos to persuade the audience as he says â€Å"who here is so vile that will not love his country† Brutus expresses his feelings for the empire and how he cares trying to make the audience feel the dreadful for thinking that his killing of Caesar was a betrayal to the empire. The Biggest flaw was that his speech was too short he never really explained the crimes or tyranny that Caesar had committed and that would eventually be his downfall. As mark Anthony approaches the audience he had to find a way to oblige to Brutus’s rules of not saying anything negative of him. He announces to the audience using logos by expressing his sadness for Caesars death, as he speaks he quotes the conspirators as â€Å"honorable men† as he repeated the quote over and over the audience began to rally up and shout, the more he said it the more the audience realized how Brutus lied to them. Anthony had shown the audience of the Brutus’s betrayal without saying he wasn’t a honorable man. As Anthony says â€Å"He [Caesar] hath brought many captives home to Rome whose ransoms did the general coffers fill† showing that Caesar had cared for the city trying to bring wealth to the empire, but then Anthony says â€Å"but Caesar is ambitious† making the audience praise more for Caesar for he had brought wealth to the empire. Anthony shows the audience of Brutus’s act of violence which ultimately gave Anthony the audience and the upper hand. Anthony showed Brutus as a â€Å"hero† as brutus wanted, but brutus did not expect Brutus fails of his plans to make the audience belive caesars death was justified, Anthony shows the audience in anthonys words, that he was telling the truth from his sadness and tone, while Brutus was failed as he only said a few words and left Anthony all by himself. Ultimately making the audience team up with Anthony, as Brutus flees the empire.

Unknown Bacteria

In order to treat a disease correctly and efficiently, it is important to first identify the microbe that is causing the disease. Isolating the bacteria that is causing the disease and using an antibiotic that specifically targets that microbe, can help prevent or reduce the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics-which can lead to antibiotic resistance. When trying to determine the type of microbe that is causing a disease, there are a number of biochemical tests that are administered.The results of these ifferent tests are analyzed against the characteristics of different bacteria and the perpetrator is revealed. Method I subjected my unknown bacteria to 7 different biochemical tests in order to identify it. I first performed a streak plate in order to get an isolated colony that I could inoculate and perform the tests on. The Sulfur, Indole and Motility test (SIM), the Glucose Fermentation test and the Urea test to help identify my unknown bacteria.For the SIM test, I aseptically in oculated the bacteria into a tube of the SIM media and let it incubate until the next class period. I took the tube out of the incubator and irst observed it for the presence of sulfur as well as for motility. I then added 4 drops of Kovac's reagent to the SIM agar deep and observed the reaction. In this test, there are more than one enzyme and substrate involved. The sulfur part of this test the enzymes involved are Cysteine Desulfurase and thiosulfate reductase. Cysteine and thiosulfate are the available substrates that are in the media.If either enzyme is produced by the bacteria being inoculated, Hydrogen Sulfide will be produced and will combine with the Iron in the Ferrous sulfate that is already in the media and will roduce a black precipitate-which is a positive result. No production ofa black precipitate is a negative result. In the Indole part of this test, the enzyme involved is tryptophanase has been produced, I added Kovac's reagent to the media and observed it for a re d color-which would indicate a positive result. No appearance of red would be a negative result.Another test I used to identify my unknown was the Glucose Fermentation test. This test determines whether the bacteria produces an acid, acid and gas or an alcohol. For this test, I inoculated my bacteria into a tube of Glucose broth that contained a Durham tube. If, after incubation, there is a bubble in the Durham tube, that is a positive result for the production of gas. No bubble would be a negative result. The media in this tube contained the indicator Phenol Red. A positive result for fermentation to an acid is a yellow color. A negative result for acid production is red.The Urea test was another test I performed to try and identify my bacteria. For this test I inoculated my unknown into a tube of urea broth. I let them incubate until the next class period. Urease is the enzyme involved in this test that breaks down urea. Phenol red is the indicator used in this test in order to et ect a change in PH. If the pH is less than 7, the Phenol Red is yellow-which is a negative result. If the pH is greater than 7, that indicates the presence of the enzyme urease and the Phenol Red will be hot pink-which is a positive result. Forrest & Elliott, 2012) Results Test/Culture Escherichia coli Proteus vulgaris Klebsiella pneumonia Shigella flexneri Salmonella typhimurium Unknown #9 Sulfur Indole +1- Motility Methyl Red Voges-Proskauer Citrate Glucose Lactose Urea Phenylalanine Deaminase My unknown bacteria did not give off a black precipitate in the Sulfur portion of the SIM test so that was a negative result. It turned a pink color in the Indole portion of the SIM test so that was a positive result. The SIM media was cloudy around the area where I inoculated the bacteria, indicating it is positive for motility.The Methyl Red test produced an orange color, which was a negative result. The VP part of the MR-VP test produced an orange color as well, which is a negative result . There was no growth on the Simmon's Citrate media, indicating a negative result for that test. On both the Glucose and Lactose test, the broth was yellow and there was a bubble, which indicated that the bacteria produced and acid and a gas.

Command and control style of management

Command and control style of management Introduction The Command and control management method usually takes the form of a military management style. A manager- employee relationship is a mutual agreement whereby it should always be a â€Å"win- win† situation between the two parties (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p21).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Command and control style of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When a manager assumes an unwarranted- commanding or authoritative stance with a junior employee, the subordinate staffs feels less respected and appreciated, and will acquire a reduced desire and self- confidence to contribute. Consequently, bottom- top communication will be reduced. This consequently reduces the manager’s capacity of making sound decisions, judgments and policies to the level of demeaning their perceptiveness to competency. Human beings work harder when they possess intrinsic motivation. This means that motivation comes when employees feel they are influencing organizational performance and decisions positively (Northouse, 2007, p12). The command and control style of management operates using intrinsic motivators that lean towards authority, threats, and monetary incentives. These motivations modes substitute employees intrinsic and natural motivation. A style of management that endows employees with a sense of ownership of their tools, methods, and results, as well as a good feeling of collaborating with and assisting fellow stakeholder (customers, co-workers, and suppliers) is a source of intrinsic motivation (Northouse, 2007, p13). Employees perform better because they enjoy how collaborative achievement makes them feel, as well as feeling appreciated and valuable. This line of thought is known as the â€Å"psychological pay† principle. Command and control or top- down management style takes the appreciative feeling from them.Advertising Looking for essay on busi ness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research has reflected that individuals put more effort in undertaking tasks for people they respect, and possibly like. A manager ought to understand that the employees in the lower levels, who carry out all the manual labor, normally have a clearer perspective of the organization’s problems and challenges better than they can (Graetz, 2006, p26). A manager who has this fact in mind can obtain the employees’ efforts and support more effectively and easily in comparison to a â€Å"commander† with a mindset that he or she knows better than their junior employees can. This attitude and belief distances subordinates and mislays their respect, loyalty, and input. Worse enough, it may push them to undercut and sabotage the organization’s performance in mild ad mysterious ways, though unacceptable, just in their urge to revenge. Employees work in a dedica ted manner when they are not working under any threat. Some â€Å"commander† managers use mild threats to accomplish tasks (Northouse, 2007, p36). This may place employees in a condition where they do not foresee success. This can significantly kill an employee’s morale and work output. In addition, it does not only demotivate the employee affected, but also, for Co-workers who view the happenings, as they will dread facing the same predicament themselves. Employees actively and indirectly look down at a manger that they suspect or observe that he disrespects them and abusive (Graetz, 2006, p29). This will drastically reduce their work output, as they would be demotivated to work with the manager. Furthermore, it also results to employee turnover especially of the productive and experienced to other organizations within the industry, causing more damage to the organization. Unavoidably, once a manager acquires a negative image, it may consume much time and effort to re verse the perspective and employee attitudes towards the manager.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Command and control style of management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, a manager should put in mind that it could take a minute to damage self-image, and take years to mend the damaged image. Thus, disrespect subjected to a subordinate employee, even in private, poses an immense threat to a manger’s career. The risk of achieving a negative image is augmented for managers since; their subordinates look up to them for guidance, and they require them to be well positioned to accomplish tasks effectively and efficiently (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p42). In order to be successful in their roles and duties, managers are supposed to maintain a reciprocally affirmative and positive association with their employees. Command and Control Style of Leadership Assumptions First, there is the â€Å"divide and rule† concept, which focuses on dividing the organizational staff into two clusters: those giving direction and those following the direction (Northouse, 2007, p58). Secondly, another assumption is that the role of managers is to give employees instructions on how to undertake tasks, and the role of employees is to undertake the tasks directed to them. The third assumption is that the style values obedience and loyalty. The other assumption is that the style has the right to take an arbitrator role. The fifth assumption is that it gives significance to titles, assuming that with title brings about rank and privilege. Lastly, it assumes that titles bring about deference; this is belief that employee with minor titles will contradict those with major titles, and title alone is adequate to warrant the deference.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Characteristics Shared by Managers Whose Mannerisms Match the Command and Control Assumptions They make vital decisions individually within the department; thus, managers should be obeyed, as they reveal a representation of infallibility (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p61). In addition, the managers play favorites, and are the only distributors of sanctions and rewards, which are dispensed according to the manager’s pleasure or displeasure. Main Problems of Command and Control The command and control style aims at acquiring information to feed into the process of decision- making, though the employees in the lower level of the organizational hierarchy are only asked to supply raw data, and not required to suggest a course of action, since that role is left for command (Northouse, 2007, p64). The employees in the lower hierarchy level are thus informed on the local situation, and not about the wider picture, from which they are barred. The managers fear that if the minor emp loyees were aware of the wider perspective, this might alter their analysis of their direct environment. Secondly, the decisions of the commander depend on the second- hand or third- hand information. In spite of the fact that the leader or manager has his eyes on the wide picture, there are high chances that the commander may be misinformed on the vital facts on the ground (Northouse, 2007, p58). Another problem is that, it takes long before information made at the top management level is transmitted down the chain of command. The last serious problem is that command and control depends on a single individual’s judgment, that is, the commander. Thus, the possibility of success and failure depends on a single individual’s decision- making expertise and skills. There is a modern model of leadership style that has emerged. According to this mode, the management and control of modern organizations requires a higher level of consultation, collaboration, and employee empowe rment (Linstead, Lilley, Fulop, 2009, p66). The decision- making process ought to be brought nearer to the consumer and leaders have to support input and innovative ideas from the entire organization. The new model supports consultation such that contemporary managers and leaders are required to undertake continuous consultations with the entire organization (Graetz, 2006, p38). The consultations must result to a consensus prior to implementation of key policies. An organization that constantly seizes the opportunity to combat probable issues and challenges, which ensue from a new plan, has a higher chance of successfully implementing its plan. The success arises from the fact that the plan is not imposed on the employees, but rather they have imposed. A further pillar of the model is empowerment. Organizational managers and team leaders ought to be allowed enough space in choosing the best course of action within the entire strategy (Graetz, 2006, p42). Contemporary managers and l eaders ought to issue their teams the direction and goals, and then trust them to undertake quality verdicts for themselves. The contemporary leadership style also aims at shifting the decisions nearer to the consumer. In numerous organizations, the teams nearest to the consumer are best positioned to identify their needs (Northouse, 2007, p67). Contemporary leaders should set up systems to assure the requirements of all stakeholders are heard and involved in decision- making process in a sequential and structural way, as well as empower them to undertake fast and effective decisions. An additional pillar of the contemporary model is tapping organizational intelligence. The entire organization is more knowledgeable than the leadership and is an enormous resource of ideas and energy (Northouse, 2007, p58). Some contemporary organizations permit employees to influence the organizational direction by exhibiting their preference for various projects. Other organizations reward and encou rage entrepreneurial ideas from any stakeholder, and develop small ad hoc committees to explore and these ideas. The other leadership style is the achievement related style. This mainly entails instilling an inspiring purpose (Graetz, 2006, p56). A major source of enthusiasm and self- drive is a credible, clear and stimulating organizational function. This purpose is a â€Å"reason for existence† which in turn, interprets into a â€Å"purpose for being there†, which by far surpasses monetary gain. Every manager ought to underline precisely a strong reason for his unit. The purpose statement is impressive mainly because it was originated from a small company away from the attention of executives and professional wordsmith. In this style, the leader gives recognition to employees. Managers should ensure that all contributions made by employees are recognized, be they small or large. Workers have clearly stated repeatedly how much they treasure a compliment (Graetz, 2006, p59). However, the same employees are also apprehensive and distressed when the managers do not make an effort to express gratitude to them for a well-done job but are swift to condemn them for making mistakes. Instead of leaving employees contented, recognition augments their achievements, and pushing them to accomplish more. Moreover, another pillar of this style is communicating fully. Information in an organization ought not to be distributed based on â€Å"need to know†. This is normally a method of entirely, destructively, and unnecessarily, limiting information flow in an organization (Graetz, 2006, p62). Inadequate employee communication channels are one of the greatest causes of employee negative attitudes. Very few barriers should be placed in the organizational information flow in order to enhance employee morale and respect for the organization and senior managers. Follow- up on employees should be undertaken to ensure that they have clearly understood the messag e. One more aspect of this style is promoting teamwork. Most tasks require teamwork for effective accomplishment. Research has revealed that quality of group efforts in problem solving out passes the quality of work by individuals working separately. Thus, teamwork boosts employee motivation (Northouse, 2007, p70). Managers should group employees into self- managed teams handling matters such as scheduling, quality control, and costing. Such teams only demand little management efforts resulting to a favorable decline in management costs and layers. A manager requires undertaking careful assessment of the best combination of team players (Northouse, 2007, p71). Meanwhile, it is vital to develop an opportunity for cross- learning and variation of methods, ideas, and approaches. The manager should clearly inform the newly developed team of their role, the mode of its operations, and the organization’s expectations from them. Conclusion It has posed to be a complex task for the m anagement team to develop management systems that effectively encompass these principles. However, modern organizations are forced to drift towards that direction. The modern- day highly- knowledgeable and movable knowledge- workers cannot tolerate a ‘production line’ working approach. They continuously anticipate being asked for their contributions. A leader who is not tapping all the knowledge, skills, and experience of his or her Co-workers is wasting numerous talents, as well as failing to encompass employees in a combined effort to develop a high- performing and successful organization. Reference List Graetz, F. 2006. Managing organizational change. Milton: John Wiley Sons Australia. Linstead, S., Lilley, S., Fulop, L. 2009. Management and organization: a critical text. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Northouse, P. G. 2007. Leadership: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

How have anthropologists responded to colonialism in different Essay - 2

How have anthropologists responded to colonialism in different historical moments - Essay Example In some cases, anthropology is into smaller units namely linguistic, bodily, archaeology and cultural anthropology. Therefore, anthropology seeks to understand the various facets of culture within a given society therefore reflects on the tools, techniques, values, beliefs, economic mechanisms, social institutions and struggles of prestige within any given societal setting (Pritchard, 1969, p.30). With a wider spec, applied anthropological study helps in solving modern problems. Anthropologists not only use colonialism as a historical object of observation but also as a technique of control, which emerged from colonial dialect. Anthropology categorizes colonialism in dissimilar ways. The anthropology of colonialism categorically seeks to determine contemporary anthropology in relation to the colonial background under which it emerged. Ethno history on the other hand, seeks to draw boundaries between history and anthropology, neo-Marxism and feminism for instance fuel economic interes t of change and consequently in colonialism among the peasant societies in relation to their mode of production and form of economy. Anthropology of colonialism’s notions, through culture and method, has always turned out to have specific colonial functions or uses (Asad, 1973, p.5). Evans-Pritchard, in his book, â€Å"The Nuer†, indicates that society surrounding the Nuer people happens through groups and cattle. The Nuer is a pastoralist community residing along the upper part of the Nile. Their social structure was drawn from individualistic perspectives and lacked laws and leaders. Social order in society was maintained based on societal values and tribe orientation within a lineage system (Pritchard, 1940, p.9). From a scholarly perspective however, â€Å"The Nuer† is an intensive ethnographic study coined by Evans-Pritchard about the unusual and interesting people. To this people, economic relationships are of social nature hence everything that the people of this ethnic setting do, is bound by the factor that they belong to one community and they are therefore bound by their relation by productive system. Evans Pritchard, through his book therefore emphasizes on the lack of laws, government, political organizations and authority in the social systems of the Nuer hence a paradox in their political structure. He denotes that classification among these people is only in their relation to other political setups and it arises because of tribal hostility and aggression. This therefore means that, the availability of tension brings about sense of form. Because of this, social life therefore balances wrongs and individuals within the society. Through Evans-Pritchard’s writings, it is clearly indicating that through anthropologies colonialism should actually be analyzed as a culture, which has an origin from colonial control, which is set on a historical background, in this case, therefore, culture and history supplement each other in the manner in which they relate. In order to understand this interesting relationship, one ought to know the classifications and functions of culture through the history of colonial governments. Through the understanding of Evans-Pritchard’s work, we can deduce that anthropologists and historians in most instances agree that we all ought to be sensitive to contexts. The Nuer, therefore,